Higher Education Students’ Bullying Victimization Experiences

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.5309

Keywords:

Higher education, Bullying, Victimization, Students, Narrative research

Abstract

Bullying is a destructive social phenomenon that, contrary to common perception, is not only a problem in childhood and adolescence but affects all age groups and communities. This study concentrates on the experience of being a victim of bullying during higher education studies, aiming to describe the victimization process from start to finish. The research question is: How is the phenomenon of bullying of higher education students described by victims? To answer this question, the study analyzes the bullying experiences of 19 participants using a narrative approach. Two datasets were gathered, using an anonymous online questionnaire and interviews. The findings illustrate the multiformity of victims’ perceptions and the complexity of the phenomenon. They show that although every experience is unique, they share common factors, especially at the beginning and end of the bullying process; that instead of sticking to official bullying definitions, it is imperative to prioritize the perception of the victim, and that it is important to recognize the multilateral loneliness of victims. Furthermore, the study reflects on possible solutions drawing on the findings and previous research.

References

Al Qudah, M. F., Al-Barashdi, H. S., Hassan, E. M. A. H., Albursan, I. S., Heilat, M. Q., Bakhiet, S. F. A., & Al-Khadher, M. A. (2020). Psychological security, psychological loneliness, and age as the predictors of cyber-bullying among university students. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(3), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00455-z

Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2025). The dark side of humor: analyzing the relationship between dark triad traits, humor styles, and bullying in university students. Current Psychology, 44, 1478–1491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07314-z

Bibi, A., Blackwell, S. E., & Margraf, J. (2021). Mental health, suicidal ideation, and experience of bullying among university students in Pakistan. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(8), 1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319869819

Bjereld, Y. (2018). The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim’s point of view. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316644973

Bruner, J. (1987). Life as a narrative. Social Research, 54(1), 11–32.

Buglass, S. L., Abell, L., Betts, L. R., Hill, R., & Saunders, J. (2021). Banter versus bullying: a university student perspective. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 3(4), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-020-00085-0

Clark, M., Kan, U., Tse, E. J., & Green, V. A. (2023). Identifying effective support for sexual minority university students who have experienced bullying. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 35(2), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2022.2057381

Doxbeck, C., & Karalis Noel, T. (2023). I felt truly powerless: Narrative research on cyberbullying victimization and negative outcomes in graduate education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100245

Faucher, C., Cassidy, W., & Jackson, M. (2015). From the sandbox to the inbox: Comparing the acts, impacts, and solutions of bullying in K-12, higher education, and the workplace. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v3i6.1033

Freytag, G. (1863). Die Technik des Dramas. S. Hirzel.

Goffman, E. (1968). Stigma; notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999472649302121

Gómez-Galán, J., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & Martínez-López, J. Á. (2021). Trajectories of victimization and bullying at university: Prevention for a healthy and sustainable educational environment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063426

Harrison, E. D., Hulme, J. A., & Fox, C. L. (2022a). A thematic analysis of students’ perceptions and experiences of bullying in UK higher education. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.3669

Harrison, E., Fox, C., & Hulme, J. (2022b). Development of a measure for assessing victimisation at UK universities. Open Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 2, 22–47. https://doi.org/10.56230/osotl.7

Heffernan, T., & Bosetti, L. (2021). Incivility: the new type of bullying in higher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 51(5), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2021.1897524

Heffernan, T., & Bosetti, L. (2023). University bullying and incivility towards faculty deans. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 26(4), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1850870

Heikkinen, H. L. T., Huttunen, R., Syrjälä, L., & Pesonen, J. (2012). Action research and narrative inquiry: Five principles for validation revisited. Educational Action Research, 20(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2012.647635

Higgins, P. (2024). “I don’t even recognize myself anymore”: An autoethnography of workplace bullying in higher education. Power and Education, 16(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438231163041

Hodgins, M., Fahie, D., MacCurtain, S., Kane, R., & McNamara, P. M. (2024). “My core is cracked”—Bullying in higher education as a traumatic process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111462

Khan, A. H., Hameed, A. M., & Khaliq, T. (2022). Incivility among university students on campus: Causes and impact. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(1), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.956

Luukinen, E., Uusiautti, S., & Kyrö-Ämmälä, O. (2022). University students’ bullying experiences: Understanding the multiformity of bullying in order to make the university a safe study place. In S. Hyvärinen, T. Äärelä, & S. Uusiautti (Eds.), Positive education and work: less struggling, more flourishing (pp. 284–307).

Mahon, K., Heikkinen, H. L. T., & Huttunen, R. (2019). Critical educational praxis in university ecosystems: enablers and constraints. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 27(3), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2018.1522663

Pheko, M. M. (2018a). Autoethnography and cognitive adaptation: two powerful buffers against the negative consequences of workplace bullying and academic mobbing. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2018.1459134

Pheko, M. M. (2018b). Rumors and gossip as tools of social undermining and social dominance in workplace bullying and mobbing practices: A closer look at perceived perpetrator motives. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(4), 449–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1421111

Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080103

Pörhölä, M., Cvancara, K., Kaal, E., Kunttu, K., Tampere, K., & Torres, M. B. (2020). Bullying in university between peers and by personnel: Cultural variation in prevalence, forms, and gender differences in four countries. Social Psychology of Education, 23(1), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09523-4

Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative research. SAGE Publications.

Salmela, M., & Uusiautti, S. (2017). How to implement the narrative approach in different phases of a positive psychological research? A four-dimensional analysis. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2017.1704

Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effect on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457

Salmivalli, C., Laninga-Wijnen, L., Malamut, S. T., & Garandeau, C. F. (2021). Bullying prevention in adolescence: Solutions and new challenges from the past decade. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 1023–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12688

Salmivalli, C., Poskiparta, E., Ahtola, A., & Haataja, A. (2013). The implementation and effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying program in Finland. European Psychologist, 18, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000140

Søndergaard, D. M. (2012). Bullying and social exclusion anxiety in schools. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 33(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2012.662824

Tay, E., & Cameron, D. L. (2023). The nature of bullying in higher education: A comparative study of students’ experiences in Ghana and Norway. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15ino.4.4955

Tholander, M. (2019). The making and unmaking of a bullying victim. Interchange, 50(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-019-09349-1

Thornberg, R. (2015). School bullying as a collective action: Stigma processes and identity struggling. Children and Society, 29(4), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12058

Thornberg, R., Halldin, K., Bolmsjö, N., & Petersson, A. (2013). Victimising of school bullying: A grounded theory. Research Papers in Education, 28(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2011.641999

Tight, M. (2023). Bullying in higher education: an endemic problem? Tertiary Education and Management, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-023-09124-z

Tuominen, R., Kokkonen, E., & Tuuttila, L. (2024). Myötätuntomentorointi opiskelijan hyvinvoinnin tukena. In HAMK Unlimited Professional.

Uusiautti, S., Vuojärvi, H., Pruikkonen, A., & Soukka, A. (2025). The perceived complexity of well-being within the change and development in higher education. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 10, 41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-025-00235-z

Vaill, Z., Campbell, M., & Whiteford, C. (2023). University students’ knowledge and views on their institutions’ anti-bullying policy. Higher Education Policy, 36(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-021-00244-y

Vveinhardt, J., Fominiene, V. B., & Streimikiene, D. (2020). A new tool contributing to the management of bullying and harassment in higher education institutions. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 21(2), 446–461. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.21.2.31

Wallace, W. C. (2024). Student on student bullying in higher education: Case studies from Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 37(7), 2129–2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2023.2264245

Wójcik, M., & Mondry, M. (2020). “The game of bullying”: Shared beliefs and behavioral labels in bullying among middle schoolers. Group Dynamics, 24(4), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000125

Wójcik, M., Thornberg, R., Flak, W., & Leśniewski, J. (2022). Downward spiral of bullying: Victimization timeline from former victims’ perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13–14), NP10985–NP11008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521990835

Young-Jones, A., Fursa, S., Byrket, J. S., & Sly, J. S. (2015). Bullying affects more than feelings: the long-term implications of victimization on academic motivation in higher education. Social Psychology of Education, 18(1), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9287-1

Zawadzki, M., & Jensen, T. (2020). Bullying and the neoliberal university: A co-authored autoethnography. Management Learning, 51(4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507620920532

Downloads

Published

2026-01-01

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Higher Education Students’ Bullying Victimization Experiences. (2026). International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 12(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.5309